Chirality switching in biomineral structures
Researchers at 91社区 have discovered a mechanism by which helical biomineral structures can be synthesized to spiral clockwise or counterclockwise using only either the left-handed or right-handed version of a single acidic amino acid.
Marc McKee, a professor in 91社区鈥檚 Faculty of Dentistry and the Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, and his team, along with collaborators from Johns Hopkins University, shed light on how certain biological structures - like terrestrial and marine snail shells - can have both clockwise and counterclockwise spirals, not only within the same species, but also within the shell of an individual organism.
In an article published online in , Professor McKee and his team constructed chiral (see 鈥淲hat is chirality?鈥� description box below) helicoidal structures of the biomineral calcium carbonate (a mineral typically found in shells) by the simple addition of specific amino acids.
|
What is chirality? Have you ever heard of ? He became famous in 2016 because unlike most of his fellow brown garden snails, his shell spirals counter-clockwise. This anomaly made it hard for British researchers studying Jeremy to find him a mate. Why is the spiral of Jeremy鈥檚 shell so important? Because it鈥檚 one example of a widespread phenomenon found throughout nature: chirality. Objects that are mirror images of each other are considered to be chiral if it鈥檚 impossible to superimpose them on each other. 听That is, whichever way you turn them, they will never be the same. Jeremy鈥檚 shell, with its counterclockwise rotation, cannot be superimposed onto the clockwise-rotating shells of the vast majority of his fellow snails.
听 Much like our hands are non-superimposable images of themselves, many molecules are also chiral. Amino acids, the building blocks of protein, have chiral forms, that is, where one form is left-handed and the other form is right-handed. Scientists originally hypothesized that biological helical structures 鈥� such as snail shells or the twisting tooth of the narwhal 鈥� could be explained by the actions of chiral molecules that caused them to spiral clockwise (left-handed) or counterclockwise (right-handed). In nature, however, where both rotations can sometimes be found, this can鈥檛 be the case because only left-handed amino acids and biomolecules are generally involved in biological processes. |
Remarkably, they could also make the helicoids turn clockwise or counterclockwise by simply using only either the left-handed or right-handed version of the amino acids aspartic acid and glutamic acid 鈥� these being abundant in proteins that guide biomineralization processes in many organisms.
"This work provides key information towards understanding how organisms can have biomineralized structures rotating in opposite directions,鈥� says McKee, senior author of the study. 鈥淥ur findings also give insight into pathologic chiral malformations that might arise in human otoconia, structures in the inner ear whose normal functioning maintains balance by gravity sensing and by detecting linear acceleration. Our work predicts how pathologic chiral malformations might arise in human otoconia and could one day be used to develop therapies for vertigo (loss of balance) based on this understanding鈥�.
Funding for the research was provided by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada.
"" by W. Jiang et al. was published in Science Advances.
Image 1 caption : Jeremy the snail (top) has a counter-clockwise rotating shell, contrary to that of most of his fellow snails (bottom). Credit : Dr Angus Davison, University of Nottingham
Image 2 caption : Much like our hands are non-superimposable images of themselves, many molecules are also chiral. Amino acids, the building blocks of protein, have chiral forms, that is, where one form is left-handed and the other form is right-handed and will never be the same, whichever way you turn them. Credit : [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons
