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The LL.M. thesis program is geared toward students who wish to continue their legal education primarily through research, as the program concentrates on the production of a 30,000-word thesis, as well as some graduate-level coursework (15 credits).

The master鈥檚 specialization in Bioethics is an interdisciplinary program that emphasizes both the conceptual and practical aspects of Bioethics. Students apply through either the Faculty of Law, Medicine, Religious Studies, or the Department of Philosophy. Students pursuing the LL.M. in Bioethics are bound by the requirements of the Faculty of Law鈥檚 LL.M. program. This program is offered in the thesis option only.

The graduate option in Environment is a cross-disciplinary option offered in conjunction with the School of the Environment within the LL.M. (thesis or non-thesis), providing students with an appreciation for the role of science, politics, and ethics in informed decision-making in the environment sector. The thesis option requires the production of a 30,000-word thesis.

The European Studies Option (ESO) is a cross-disciplinary program offered as an option within the existing LL.M. Thesis program. This option is open to students whose work is focused on Europe, in particular on issues relating to European integration, broadly understood.

The LL.M. Non-Thesis program is geared toward students who wish to continue their legal education largely through graduate-level coursework (30 credits). The program requires two terms of coursework as well as a 15,000-word research project.

The graduate option in Environment is a cross-disciplinary option offered in conjunction with the School of Environment within the LL.M. (thesis or non-thesis) providing students with an appreciation for the role of science in informed decision-making in the environment sector, and its influence on political, socio-economic, and ethical judgments. The non-thesis option requires two terms of graduate-level coursework on environment law, as well as a 15,000-word research project.

The LL.M. thesis program in the Institute of Air and Space Law is available to qualifying applicants holding a bachelor鈥檚 law degree who wish to focus on original scholarly research and writing under the supervision of a law professor. This program involves 20 credits in coursework and 25 research credits (a thesis of 30,000 words). The thesis must show familiarity with previous work in the field and demonstrate the student鈥檚 capacity for independent analysis, writing skills, and organization.

The LL.M. non-thesis program in the Institute of Air and Space Law is available to qualifying applicants holding a bachelor鈥檚 law degree who wish to gain a wide exposure to a range of taught courses within, and related to, the domain of Air and Space Law. The non-thesis option requires a 15,000-word research project (18 credits), with the remaining 27 credits earned in courses.

The Graduate Certificate in Air and Space Law is a coursework program with a limited research and writing requirement. It is particularly appropriate for students with a strong professional orientation who do not wish to write a thesis. This certificate is particularly appropriate for jurists and other professionals who wish to pursue graduate-level legal studies in aviation, air and space law, government regulations, conventions, and treaties dealing with these areas.

The Institute of Comparative Law (ICL) welcomes master鈥檚 students studying within the 91社区 Faculty of Law. ICL students are encouraged to think about the nature and value of comparative scholarship both through the courses that they take (particularly the Legal Traditions course, which is required for all ICL students) and through their master鈥檚 thesis. Study within the ICL is ideally suited to students who have a background in or a desire to pursue research in the field of comparative law, broadly defined. As such, ICL student members are encouraged and given opportunities to explore how juridical analyses are enriched through openness to learning from diversity in research methods, theoretical frameworks, legal traditions and doctrines, languages, and disciplinary perspectives. The LL.M. thesis program in ICL requires 15 credits earned in graduate-level coursework and the production of a 30,000-word thesis.

The Institute of Comparative Law (ICL) welcomes master鈥檚 students studying within the 91社区 Faculty of Law. ICL students are encouraged to think about the nature and value of comparative scholarship both through the courses that they take (particularly the Legal Traditions course, which is required for all ICL students) and through their individual research project. Study within the ICL is ideally suited to students who have a background in or a desire to pursue research in the field of comparative law, broadly defined. As such, ICL student members are encouraged and given opportunities to explore how juridical analyses are enriched through openness to learning from diversity in research methods, theoretical frameworks, legal traditions and doctrines, languages, and disciplinary perspectives. The LL.M. non-thesis program requires two terms of graduate-level coursework (30 credits) and a 15,000-word research project.

The Graduate Certificate in Comparative Law provides advanced training in subjects within the scope of the Institute of Comparative Law (ICL) to candidates who do not wish to undertake the master's degree. The Graduate Certificate is particularly appropriate for judges, law professors, and legal practitioners from countries undergoing substantial legal reform (such as post-Communist or developing countries) who wish to pursue advanced studies in areas such as civil, commercial, or human rights law.

The Doctor of Civil Law program is centred around the doctoral thesis, which develops a substantive and original contribution to legal research and knowledge under the supervision of a faculty member. Many doctoral candidates intend on pursuing an academic career, and develop their approach to pedagogy, research, and writing while at 91社区. Students must successfully complete a comprehensive examination, to be held at the end of the first year or during the second year of the program. A D.C.L. seminar must also be completed successfully no later than the first term of the student's fourth year in the program. The principal basis for evaluation is a doctoral thesis of up to 400 pages. It must constitute significant contribution to legal knowledge, evidencing in concept and execution the original work of the candidate.

The Doctor of Civil Law in the Institute of Air and Space Law is a research degree ideal for scholars intent on deepening and broadening their critical understanding of the law, as well as their original engagement with it. Students must successfully complete a comprehensive examination, to be held at the end of the first year or during the second year of the program. A D.C.L. seminar must also be completed successfully no later than the first term of the student's fourth year in the program. The principal basis for evaluation is a doctoral thesis of up to 400 pages. It must constitute significant contribution to legal knowledge, evidencing in concept and execution the original work of the candidate.

The Institute of Comparative Law (ICL) welcomes doctoral students studying within the 91社区 Faculty of Law. ICL students are encouraged to think about the nature and value of comparative scholarship both through the courses that they take (particularly the Legal Traditions course, which is required for all ICL students) and through their doctoral thesis. Study within the ICL is ideally suited to students who have a background or a desire to pursue research in the field of comparative law, broadly defined. As such, ICL student members are encouraged and given opportunities to explore how juridical analyses are enriched through openness to learning from diversity in research methods, theoretical frameworks, legal traditions and doctrines, languages, and disciplinary perspectives.

Students must successfully complete a comprehensive examination, to be held at the end of the first year or during the second year of the program. A D.C.L. seminar must also be completed successfully no later than the first term of the student's fourth year in the program. The principal basis for evaluation is a doctoral thesis of up to 400 pages. It must constitute significant contribution to legal knowledge, evidencing in concept and execution the original work of the candidate.